Let me try to explain!
WordPress only creates the image sizes that the theme developer has instructed it to create. It does not create any images according to actual responsive needs whatsoever. Of course, as I said, before this approach is helpful, but not responsive web design oriented.
The fact that you did not see your 2300×500 pixel image appear in the Adaptive Images cache folder is either because the image has not yet been requested by a smaller device or there might be some other malfunction that we could debug. I would be very happy to test this image for you, if you can provide me with the url if the page it is included in.
The 8 other image size that you see this image appearing are image sizes set up by your theme. Most probably your theme developer made that design decision in advance for you.
Also, Gtmetrix is not a tool that simulates a real device and a real browser. It simply provides you with some good general practices.
Lastly, the Adaptive Images plugin has nothing to do with CSS and how the theme lays out the images in the browser. Actually that is the beauty of it: it is totally transparent! What it does is to literally serve a smaller version of the image, one with a lot less kilobytes, when the requesting device has a smaller screen. This way it saves tons of bandwidth. But the layout and styling of the images is still the job of the theme!
Cheers,
Takis