Custom archive pages with sidebar and content

Hi, I′ve seen many posts talking about this, none have helped me so I decided to write my own.

I need to create 3 kinds of templates for my site, at the moment I achieved some of this through plugins but it has become too cumbersome for my client.

1st. content and sidebar, SIDEBAR shows a list of 5 category names that when clicked on shows that category posts in the content area.
See what I got to here, basically I need the same but without the radio buttons and not using plugins if possible.
https://www.presides.ifg.org.ar/datos/

2nd. Content and Sidebar for only one category showing a list of the YEAR published in the sidebar, when a year is clicked the posts in that year will show in the content section with pagination. Here is my effort. https://www.presides.ifg.org.ar/informes/?2016

3. Content and sidebar – Content shows the whole last post of that particular category with the 5 recent posts on the sidebar.
Here is my effort. https://www.presides.ifg.org.ar/category/incidencia/

Basically I need a bit of direction to be able to do it without using plugins. I have some knowledge of PHP but not enough to solve this pickle.

Thank you.