Address Field Mapping

I seem to have some sort of misconfiguration with the Billing Address field for a customer, and I’m hoping you’d be able to help to properly re-map the field to the database.

Here are my symptoms:
1) Street Address doesn’t show up in the confirmation email
orderconfirmation
https://imgur.com/G2BD7wn

2) Street Address shows up as a custom field under the order management panel, instead of the default Address field.
OrderDetailsPage
https://imgur.com/6hBQNhn

3) Credit card orders via stripe will fail unless a shipping address is entered; this is a sloppy workaround, but at least there is one.

I hope you’ll be able to help. Totally understand if you need access to the site.