admin-bar-v2.js?ver=12.2.1-202324-lite:1 Missing data from PHP

This may be a plugin or theme issue that you need to narrow down. Please attempt to disable all plugins, and use one of the default (Twenty*) themes. If the problem goes away, enable them one by one to identify the source of your troubles.

If you can install plugins, install and activate “Health Check”: https://www.ads-software.com/plugins/health-check/
It will add some additional features under the menu item under Tools > Site Health.
On its troubleshooting tab, you can Enable Troubleshooting Mode. This will disable all plugins, switch to a standard WordPress theme (if available), allow you to turn your plugins on and off and switch between themes, without affecting normal visitors to your site. This allows you to test for various compatibility issues.
There’s a more detailed description about how to use the Health Check plugin and its Troubleshooting Mode at https://make.www.ads-software.com/support/handbook/appendix/troubleshooting-using-the-health-check/

I have followed the steps, and the error occurs when Jetpack is enabled and all other plugins are disabled, and the default theme is in Troubleshooting Mode. I have confirmed this by activating Jetpack alone, and the error appears. However, when I deactivate Jetpack (I had to force the deactivation due to an error message), the error mentioned in my initial post disappears from the Chrome developer console. What can I do in this case?

Best to ask Jetpack directly https://www.ads-software.com/support/plugin/jetpack/