Thanks for the screenshot, it is very helpful. In this case the “Speed up images and photos” won’t have any influence indeed.
The dashboard columns are handled by WordPress, and their width automatically adapts to the number of columns that must be displayed.
Woocommerce obviously adds quite a few columns, and Jetpack’s Stats and Likes features will add their own columns as well. If you use another plugin like Yoast SEO, you’ll get even more columns.
You should be able to get a more readable screen again by clicking on the “Screen Options” tab appearing at the top of the page. There you will be able to hide the columns you don’t want to see, thus leaving some additional free space to all the other columns.
https://i0.wp.com/i.jeremy.hu/screenshot-2017-10-02-at-13-57-34.png
I hope this helps.