Building own Theme: Making posts working

Just a few hours ago I started building my own wordpress theme out of a plain HTML-file. This were going good so far, but now I’m stuck during the creation of my blogposts in my index.php.

This is the HTML I want to use for my blogpost (dutch language);

<div class="blog-item">
<div class="span1">
<p class="blog-datum">june 2013</p>
<h2><a href="#">This is a title</a></h2>
</div>
<div class="span2">
<img src="images/blogplaatje1.jpg"/>
<p>In this line the content of the blogpost will be visible...</p>
<a href="#" class="blog-leesmeer">Read More...</a>
</div>
</div>

I’m very with the fact I made the date and title working with this code…;

<div class="blog-item">
<div class="span1">
<p class="blog-datum"><div class="date"><?php the_time( 'M j y' ); ?></div></p>
<h2><a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to <?php the_title_attribute(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
</div>

… but sadly enough I’m getting stuck with making featured images, my plain blogpost text and re “read More…”-button.

I’m suggesting I have to do something with these lines of code;

<?php the_content(); ?>
<?php edit_post_link(); ?>
<?php wp_link_pages(); ?>

But I do not know where to put it to make this work. Is there anybody who can help me or can provide some useful links with basic info about making this work?

I’m posting this topic because I don’t know what keywords I have to search.

Many many thanks to everybody who can help me!