Can't edit static blog/posts page

I’m working on a site for my internship, https://www.creativecoworking.com. We’re using WP 3.7.1 and the BadaBoem theme.

We have a static front page that works great. We now also want to add a blog, and have a static blog page. If I set up a page I can edit it to look however I want. However, as soon as I set it to the “Blog” page under Settings > Reading > Posts Page, it loses any formatting and just looks like this:

https://creativecoworking.com/managers-musings/

Without setting it to the posts page, I can change the title, make it full-page, add an intro, etc. But as soon as I do, it just shows “Blog” as the title and none of my extra info.

When I go to a post’s individual page, it does show an intro, but not one I can edit.

Any suggestions? I just want to have it show a different title, an intro, make it full width, and to put a header image above the posts. In a perfect world, I could also make the posts show as full, but that’s secondary.

Thanks for your help!