Changing Product Page Layout Per Device

Not using a shortcode, but you can control layout to a degree with custom css which kicks in at a given resolution, so:

/* all resolutions */
#main {
  font-size:15px;
}
/* for viewports 768px or less */
@media only screen and (max-width:768px) { 
  #main {
    font-size:14px;
  }
}
/* for viewports 480px or less */
@media only screen and (max-width:768px) { 
  #main {
    font-size:13px;
  }
}

It can take a while to style a site for a range of resolutions even if you are comfortable with custom css.

I was meaning how to get the columns different on different devices. Like for instance, cell phones show everything in 1 column but I’d like 2 and tablets show 3 columns but I’d like 4. Is that possible?

Yes, using the method described. You would need to set the width and margins of product blocks for different resolutions. It takes a while to get it to look right, and it can be difficult to improve on what your theme’s designer has done.