Yes.
Probably the *simplest* way would be to ensure the images you’re using have the same name as the slug of the page you’re loading. So if you had a page called “Dog Drool is Gross”, then the slug (by default) would be “dog-drool-is-gross”. So create an image for that pag and name it “dog-drool-is-gross.jpg” and upload to your theme folder images directory.
Then, in the header, add in the following where you want the image to appear:
<?php if(have_posts()) : while(have_posts()) : the_post();
global $post;
$pagetitle = $post->post_name; ?>
<img src="<?php bloginfo(template_directory'); ?>/images/<?php echo $pagetitle; ?>.jpg" alt="" />
<?php endwhile; endif; rewind_posts(); ?>
That’s off the top of my head – not tested – but it should work.