Very strange:The issue occurred on a network site with a Twenty Eleven theme, and no other (than the network wide) plugins activated. While another site in the same network, with a very similar setup (Twenty Eleven, no other plugins) did not suffer this issue.
So I (Super Admin) wanted to check the Jetpack debug page on that site but needed to connect my account to Jetpack to see the settings. And right after connecting with my WordPress.com account, the issue went away. No more blank pages, no more errors in the log file.
Another strange thing I notice: when I check the My Jetpack settings page, I’m the only account listed there. No other admins on that site have an active connection. Which surprises me because many Jetpack modules (among which the Comments module) where switched on and in use before I set up my connection…
A mystery. And it will probably remain so because I cannot reproduce the issue any more.
I’ll mark this as solved because (re)connecting seems to have fixed it. Thanks for your help ??