how can I get the current catalog id form single page

I am not sure I understand the question. Did you mean “category”? (there is no “catalog” in WP)

yes category,:),because I want a single page with navigator,and my navigator is category name,so I want to show all category on the top of that page!thanks!

Sorry, I am not sure I got it what you want… and yes, I know you are struggling with the language.
Anyway, to display categories you should take a look at these template tags:
https://codex.www.ads-software.com/Template_Tags#Category_tags
See which one would do what you want.

You are right,I don’t know how to discribe it exactly.

what I want is to get the category id from the post page,whose template is single.php.

Hopefully you can read better than write (as it always happens with a foreign language) – so, please visit the link I gave above: all the template tags related to categories are there.

I am not a coder, so I might be wrong but I think you should take a closer look at this:
https://codex.www.ads-software.com/Template_Tags/get_the_category

thank you very much,I will try my best to find the tag or funciton to resolve my question,
and also I find this link
https://www.ads-software.com/support/topic/56321?replies=3
faces the same problem.

And I can not find the tag I want from the URL you gave.