There is no documentation at the moment.
I will pass your inquiry as a feature request to my project manager. Building a database of changes that can be correlated against these alerts to have a better understanding of what is happening. I will work on this feature if they agree to implement it, but be aware that this will take a lot of time because there are many post-types, and they can change without previous notice, the database will be huge and will be outdated most of the time.
For now, I will answer your question…
The post-type jp_sitemap
seems to be used by JetPack to store the content of your website XML map [1] and because the data is stored in the same table as the WordPress posts, every modification is reported the same way. These changes include, new entries in the sitemap, entries being marked as draft, entries being marked as published, entries being marked as trashed, entries being marked as deleted and so on.
You can opt-out from receiving these alerts using the “Alert Settings” section located in the alerts panel found in the plugin’ settings page. There you will find all the post-types registered by the plugins installed in your website, you can disable and enable one or more of them at any time.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_map