When it comes to blocks I’m no expert either. I think the part you’re looking for is in wp-includes/blocks/rss.php (line 40).
Do not be tempted to directly edit core files. I suggested looking at them for guidance only. You’d still need to create your own widget. A widget in modern WP is just another block. You’ll want to look at Create a Basic Block to start with.
Developing blocks can be intimidating to newcomers. AFAIK, the older, “classic” style widgets can still be used. If you’re more familiar with straight PHP than block development, you may find the classic style more accessible. Its development is outlined in the Theme Handbook. Try implementing the sample widget on your site before spending more time with this approach to verify I’m right about classic widgets still working. The drawback with this approach is the existing RSS block/widget code will be less useful as guidance.