HTML ERROR w/ Gravity Forms Email Notification wpMandrill

Hi,

I’ve got a product order form on a webpage built using Gravity Forms. An email notification is setup with the {all_fields} merge tag (gravity forms).
Browser agnostic, the resulting email shows the Products table broken. Inspecting the code, I can see that some of the table, tbody, thead, th, tr, td tags have been modified. (no mandrill templates are being used.)

I checked the var_dump() outputs of gform_pre_send_email and mandrill_payload filters to find that the email’s HTML message appears normal there. https://firelite.co/wp-content/uploads/email_prior_to_mandrill_processing.png

Through my mandrillapp.com Outbound page, here’s how the contents looks after it’s sent: https://firelite.co/wp-content/uploads/email_delivered_through_mandrill.png

Please let me know if you have a solution!!! It’s killing me…

Thanks in advance.

https://www.ads-software.com/plugins/wpmandrill/