https://io.wp.com – cannot fix

I’ve suddenly been experiencing the appearance of the https://i0.wp.com/ being affixed to certain images on this site, and them not displaying. When I disable Photon, the images work great – but I’m also relying on Photon to display a tiled image gallery. I deleted and re-installed Jetpack, and re-enabled Photon to discover the problem repeating itself. What can I do to permanently resolve the https://i0.wp.com problem?

The page I need help with: [log in to see the link]