Images not showing

Hi all,

As the title says, the image in my blog is not showing in the home page. I’ve been looking for a resolution here and all pointed to either Jetpack or customized theme. However, I do not have (or can’t locate) Jetpack. Here’s a list of my installed plugins:

Akismet Anti-Spam by Automaticc (deactivated)
Contact Widgets by GoDaddy (activated)
Disqus for WordPress by Disqus (activated)
Hello Dolly by Matt Mullenweg (deactivated)
Ninja Forms by The WP Ninjas (activated)

I tried deactivating the activated ones one by one but the same issue persists. Do you think it’s because of the customized theme?

By the way, here’s the home page:
And here’s the actual site:

Thanks in advance!

The page I need help with: [log in to see the link]