I don’t know if there exists such a thing, but here is the code to do it:
<?php
/*
Plugin Name: Post Category Widget
Version: 1.0
Description: Widget to show a list of posts from the current post's category.
Author: Austin Matzko
Author URI: https://www.ilfilosofo.com/
*/
function current_category_widget_list($args) {
if ( have_posts() && ( is_single() || is_category() ) ) :
the_post();
$post_id = get_the_ID();
$post_id = intval($post_id);
rewind_posts();
wp_reset_query();
extract($args);
$cats = (array) wp_get_post_categories($post_id);
$cat_id = ( is_category() ) ? intval(get_query_var('cat')) : intval(array_shift($cats));
$r = new WP_Query("cat=$cat_id");
if ($r->have_posts()) :
echo $before_widget . $before_title . sprintf('Recent Posts in "%s"', get_cat_name($cat_id)) . $after_title; ?>
<ul>
<?php while ($r->have_posts()) : $r->the_post(); ?>
<li><a href="<?php the_permalink() ?>"><?php if ( get_the_title() ) the_title(); else the_ID(); ?> </a></li>
<?php endwhile; ?>
</ul>
<?php echo $after_widget;
rewind_posts();
wp_reset_query();
endif;
endif;
}
function current_category_widget_list_init() {
wp_register_sidebar_widget( 'current-post-category-list', 'Current Category List', 'current_category_widget_list');
}
add_action('init', 'current_category_widget_list_init');