I close this now as I got no answer for my question what exactly “remove descriptions” means.
However – as a hint:
In the code the category description is used for the title attribute of the category links:
printf('<li class="cat-item cat-item-%d"><a href="%s" title="%s">%s</a>%s</li>',
$category->term_id,
get_category_link($category->term_id),
esc_attr($category->category_description),
esc_html($category->cat_name),
$postcount);
If one does not want the title, you can also use this code instead:
printf('<li class="cat-item cat-item-%d"><a href="%s" >%s</a>%s</li>',
$category->term_id,
get_category_link($category->term_id),
esc_html($category->cat_name),
$postcount);