Hi rrossi,
In cases where another plugin injects content, it can be a little tricky to get things to look just right.
In many cases, you can edit the Posts in Page template to customize your output; but in this case, another plugin is adding the content, so that may limit our options.
Arguably, the easiest way to handle a situation like this would be to use CSS to keep the unwanted content from rendering by using a display: none; command.
It looks like you already solved your issue on the above page, so I don’t see the offending content. I would need to see the exact html to suggest a CSS selector.
I hope that sheds some light on the subject, though. ??