And that is not “Product Categories” archive page.
That is the Product Categories section designed for the Home-Page of the Storefront Theme.
And Woo provides some “paid” extensions to customize that free Storefront theme.
One of them is the Powerpack extension:
https://docs.woocommerce.com/document/storefront-powerpack/
which has a section for Homepage customization.
In that section; the controls are for displaying that section, column count and number of categories to display.
You can create a new page and arrange its layout with Woocommerce shortcodes as you wish. And then assign/set it as homepage.
Or you may want to modify the “content-homepage.php” template file in your Storefront theme directory with some other hooks and actions like the “storefront_product_categories” functions in the “storefront-template-functions.php” file…