The database was big: about 100 Megabytes.
I guess, you are the first case with a big database – congratulations ?? However, not everyone needs to convert. It depends on what site is doing. Yes, all translations should be still there in any case. Conversion might be finished in a few runs, since, in untested theory, it does not convert what is already converted. I would be curious to know if that works.
If you really need conversion and multiple runs cannot finish anyway, then a command line script will need to be run, which we never had a chance to develop yet.
However, what is it exactly not working at front end? Do you not have a way to switch the language? Try domain.com/xx/ – does that work?
On admin side, do you see Language Switching Buttons (LSB), like on this screenshot?
There is Editor Raw Mode, which you can set on Setting page under Advanced Section. In this mode you will not see LSB, but all entries will be displayed as they are in database, with language tags, as you already saw in wp_posts table.
Installing the plugin qTranslate X with subsequent database conversion results in nothing.
where “nothing” means what? Blank front page? Read this.
Please, let us know what exactly not working.