wp_generate_attachment_metadata does not generate images with different sizes

Hi,

I am using the following codes to add an image to the media library:

function add_new_image_to_post(string $image_filename, int $parent_post_id)
{
	//	Create the new attachment post for the image

	// Check the type of file. We'll use this as the 'post_mime_type'.
	$filetype = wp_check_filetype(basename($image_filename), null);
	output_debug_text(sprintf('File type of the image: %s.', $filetype['type']));

	// Get the path to the upload directory.
	$wp_upload_dir = wp_upload_dir();
	output_debug_text(sprintf('Upload dir: %s.' . PHP_EOL, $wp_upload_dir['url']));
	
	// Prepare an array of post data for the attachment.
	$attachment = array(
		'guid'           => $wp_upload_dir['url'] . '/' . basename( $image_filename ), 
		'post_mime_type' => $filetype['type'],
		'post_title'     => '',
		'post_content'   => '',
		'post_status'    => 'inherit'
	);
	
	// Insert the attachment.
	$attach_id = wp_insert_attachment( $attachment, $image_filename, $parent_post_id );
	
	if ($attach_id)
	{
		output_debug_text(sprintf('Insert attachment successfully. Image file: %s. Parent post ID: %s. Attach ID: %s.' . PHP_EOL, $image_filename, $parent_post_id, $attach_id));

		// Make sure that this file is included, as wp_generate_attachment_metadata() depends on it.
		require_once( ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php' );
		
		// Generate the metadata for the attachment, and update the database record.
		$attach_data = wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $attach_id, $image_filename );

		if ($attach_data)
		{
			output_debug_text('Generate attachment meta data successfully: ' . print_r($attach_data, true) . PHP_EOL);
			
			$result = wp_update_attachment_metadata( $attach_id, $attach_data );

			//	$result will be false, but the attachemnt is added successfully and all subimages are created
			//	so we will ignore the case and always return $attach_id
			//	Ref: https://www.ads-software.com/support/topic/wp_update_attachment_metadata-always-return-false/#post-17486245
			$result = true;
			
			if ($result)
			{
				output_debug_text(sprintf('Set attachment metadata successfully.' . PHP_EOL));
				return	$attach_id;
			}	
			else
				output_debug_text(sprintf('Fail to set attachment metadata.\n'));	
		}
		else
			output_debug_text(sprintf('Fail to generate attachment metdata.\n'));
	}
	else
		output_debug_text(sprintf('Fail to insert image attachment.\n'));

	return	0;
} 

I dump the $attach_data. Then under a Windows 10 + Wampserver64, wp_generate_attachment_metadata will generate images with different sizes, as below:

Array
(
    [width] => 1190
    [height] => 680
    [file] => C:/wamp64/www/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/test11.jpg
    [filesize] => 122205
    [sizes] => Array
        (
            [medium] => Array
                (
                    [file] => test11-300x171.jpg
                    [width] => 300
                    [height] => 171
                    [mime-type] => image/jpeg
                    [filesize] => 14252
                )

            [large] => Array
                (
                    [file] => test11-1024x585.jpg
                    [width] => 1024
                    [height] => 585
                    [mime-type] => image/jpeg
                    [filesize] => 94116
                )

            [thumbnail] => Array
                (
                    [file] => test11-150x150.jpg
                    [width] => 150
                    [height] => 150
                    [mime-type] => image/jpeg
                    [filesize] => 7239
                )

            [medium_large] => Array
                (
                    [file] => test11-768x439.jpg
                    [width] => 768
                    [height] => 439
                    [mime-type] => image/jpeg
                    [filesize] => 59274
                )

        )

    [image_meta] => Array
        (
            [aperture] => 0
            [credit] => 
            [camera] => 
            [caption] => 
            [created_timestamp] => 0
            [copyright] => 
            [focal_length] => 0
            [iso] => 0
            [shutter_speed] => 0
            [title] => 
            [orientation] => 0
            [keywords] => Array
                (
                )

        )

)

But in a CentOS 7 server(Linux), [filesize] is zero, and no sizes are generated:

Array
(
    [width] => 1190
    [height] => 680
    [file] => https://www.sample.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/outlook-pst-repair-2.jpg
    [filesize] => 0
    [sizes] => Array
        (
        )

)

I check the post for the image, it looks like this:

https://pasteboard.co/FgoTtHcaWH3W.png

It seems the meta data for the attachment is not generated successfully. But there is still an array returned. Why? How to diagnose the issue? I check https://developer.www.ads-software.com/reference/functions/wp_generate_attachment_metadata/ but cannot find how to obtain an error code if the function fails.