To update, I’ve so far tried:
a) Disabling all plugins
b) Re-running WooCommerce setup wizard
c) Uninstalling/reinstalling WooCommerce
d) Clearing WP Rocket cache & Sucuri cache after every attempt
e) Tried PayPal order with same result
None of the above resolved the issue.
After I reinstalled WooCommerce I did not reinstall the Admin plugin to see if that would change anything. It doesn’t seem to have.
To note: these orders are showing up as Processing/Pending Payment under the “Orders” section of WooCommerce. On the purchase side, all that happens is the spinning circle indefinitely. In the log, the same fatal error I mentioned above keeps reoccurring.