For the record, automatic updates on Ubuntu/Debian managed installations can be re-enabled by setting the following property back to true:
/etc/wordpress/config-localhost.php
#This will disable the update notification.
define('WP_CORE_UPDATE', false);
Doing so may not be a good idea; for example I don’t know what happens when the package in the Debian repository is updated to a version that’s older than the one you upgraded to, and you then run an apt-get upgrade…