After trying many combinations of settings with my theme, turning plugins on and off to see if they were causing the conflict, I found it. Through the theme’s customizer, I was able to disable “Ajax Single Add To Cart” in the WooCommerce section. This has solved the problem. This setting is also available in the settings of WooCommerce itself. It did nothing. Strange that this setting is in two places, but that aside.
I’m now wondering why the event is not working with Ajax add to cart?