Thank you for pointing that out to me, Michael! ??
This solved my problem:
$args = array(
'post_type' => 'customdocument',
'tax_query' => array(
array(
'taxonomy' => 'customcategory',
'field' => 'slug',
'terms' => 'customCategorySlug',
'include_children' => 0
),
),
);
$query = new WP_Query( $args );