The (excellent) Avada-Supportteam could give me a fix for it. I hope it can help some other users until MailPoet (or Avada) fix it in the future.
Analysis Avada-Supportteam
Location of the code that is causing the issue: mailpoet\lib\Config\hook.php. Avada do also make use of the filter “‘image_size_names_choose” and there seems to be a conflict.
Fix Avada-Supportteam
The support-Team changed the priority of the filter in the Avada theme to resolve the issue. They inserted this code in the functions.php of my Avada child-theme and now it’s working:
/*Fix for grid size images*/
add_action( ‘after_setup_theme’, ‘change_avada’ );
function change_avada() {
remove_filter( ‘image_size_names_choose’, array( Avada()->init, ‘add_image_sizes_to_media_library_dialog’ ) );
add_filter( ‘image_size_names_choose’, array( Avada()->init, ‘add_image_sizes_to_media_library_dialog’ ), 999 );
}