I fixed it! In case anyone else has this issue, it was rather simple. I wish I could’ve saved an entire day of panic and pulling out my hair. The site is hosted with GoDaddy, and the very first thing I did was call them, and as soon as I mentioned WordPress, they informed me they couldn’t help me. I did, however, SPECIFICALLY ask them to check if there was a permissions problem. They said, no, that everything was fine on their end and that it was a WordPress problem. Well, as a last ditch effort, I started playing around with the permissions and all of the sudden my images are back. What a pain! Hope this helps someone else.