I have very similar issue from 5.9 also. However, I have recognized if I refresh the editor several times (pushing CTRL+F5 in Chrome), then sometimes the Feature Item and Categories come back. This is totally random (for me the Tags also disappears).
I also have recognized if I deacitvate all of my plugins, then it is quite stable, but when I turn back more and more plugins one-by-one, slowly it starts to be instable by showing or not showing the missing panels in the editor.
I’m quite sure there is something timeout issue in the WordPress Core. The issue still exist in the 6.0 version.