It’s possible this may have something to do with Jetpack, as that is the only plugin that I am unable to deactivate and therefore cannot fully test. I realized that activating the Jetpack Site Accelerator was breaking the image captions in Simple Lightbox, so I turned that off, and now I wonder if that was throwing the error, or if there is something else in Jetpack that is conflicting with the plugin. I’ve also turned off Lazy Loading and Tiled Galleries, both of which I’ve seen causing bugs with images on other sites.