Thanks for answering, alchymyth.
danielle – I’d rather not make this change to the main child theme myself as other users may still want the big featured image. But in your copy of the child theme you could copy the content-page.php file and edit that, as alchymyth suggested, so it overrides the parent theme’s file.
Using CSS is also a good idea but the browser will still load the big image even if it’s not displayed, so it will affect performance a bit.