Thank you very much, sir! You pointed WordPress in the right direction. I’m going to quote from their response on the ticket in case this can help to solve any cases in the future:
“The issue was caused by your Website Security Firewall. It looks like the firewall cached an error that occurred at some point on the website. For some reason, it stayed cached indefinitely, causing the feed to fail to load, even though the plugin is generating it correctly.
I cleared the cache and disabled the caching all together on the firewall, since it could prevent the feed from updating correctly in the future.
While I’m not 100% sure what caused the error that got cached in the first place, it seems to have been resolved now.”
Thank you again for your outstanding help!